Income for MLS purposes takes your taxable income and adds back items like reportable fringe benefits

 The Medicare Levy Surcharge (MLS) is decided using a special definition called income for MLS purposes, which is neither your pure taxable income nor your assessable income in isolation. [1, 2]

According to the Australian Taxation Office, your income for MLS purposes starts with your taxable income and adds back several specific adjustments: [1, 2]

• Taxable income (assessable income minus allowable deductions) [1, 2]
• Reportable fringe benefits [1, 2]
• Net investment losses (including rental property losses) [1]
• Reportable superannuation contributions [1]
• Exempt foreign employment income (if applicable) [1]
• Certain trust distributions and family trust distribution tax amounts [1, 2]

How it compares:

• Assessable income is your total income before any deductions are subtracted.
• Taxable income is your assessable income minus your allowable work or business deductions.
• Income for MLS purposes takes your taxable income and adds back items like reportable fringe benefits and investment losses that were previously subtracted or not counted in taxable income. [1, 2]

Taxable Income = Assessable Income - Allowable Deductions

 Yes, taxable income is your total assessable income minus your allowable work-related and other tax deductions. [1]

How It Works

• Assessable Income: This is the money you earn through salary, wages, allowances, interest, and dividends. [1, 2]
• Allowable Deductions: These are out-of-pocket, work-related or other eligible expenses that directly relate to earning your income and are backed by receipts or records. [1, 2, 3]
• Calculation:
  
  
  
  

You can review the full definitions and rules on the Australian Taxation Office: Taxable, assessable and exempt income page. [1]

Stamina

 Stamina is the physical or mental capacity to sustain prolonged effort, energy, or stress, often used interchangeably with endurance. It allows for performing tasks or activities without tiring easily, covering both physical endurance in fitness and mental stamina for focus. Key synonyms include endurance, staying, power, vigor, energy, and fortitude. 

Usage Examples & Ways to Improve Stamina

Cardiovascular Exercise: Running, cycling, swimming, or brisk walking for 30–60 minutes improves endurance.

High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT): Alternating between high-intensity efforts and short rest periods builds both strength and efficiency.

Strength Training: Utilizing exercises like jump squats, burpees, planks, or lunges strengthens muscles, which aids in handling fatigue.

Daily Activity: Increasing daily movement, such as taking the stairs or long-distance walking, boosts overall stamina.

Lifestyle Optimization: Ensuring proper sleep, managing stress, and maintaining a healthy diet reduces fatigue.

Breathing Techniques: Practicing nasal breathing can increase oxygen intake by 10–20%, providing more energy to muscles. 

This video explains how to build stamina with a full-body workout:

Related video thumbnail

54s

Phil Daru

YouTube • 9 July 2025

Stamina vs. Endurance

Stamina is often defined as the ability to maintain a high-intensity effort for a long duration, or the capacity to perform a specific task without tiring.

Endurance is generally considered the ability to exert oneself and remain active for a long period.

Key Distinction: Some definitions note that stamina implies the ability to maintain a higher power output or intensity for a prolonged time compared to general endurance. 

Peloton

Peloton

 +2

This video discusses how to improve your stamina without running:

Related video thumbnail

57s

Unisport

YouTube • 9 July 2023

Types of Stamina

Physical Stamina: The ability of the body to endure hard training or long-lasting physical activity.

Mental Stamina: The capacity to maintain focus and high mental power, even as fatigue sets in.

Garmin Real-Time Stamina: A fitness tracker metric that estimates remaining capacity based on current effort and long-term exhaustion (potential vs. current stamina). 

Healthline

Healthline

 +3

Car Fuel Injector System Explained

A fuel injector for a Mazda 3 is a small, pencil-shaped electronic valve made of durable metal and composite ABS plastic. [1]

How Your Car’s Fuel System Works: A Detailed Guide

An exhaust in a car is a system of pipes and chambers that collects toxic waste gases from the engine, cleans them, lowers their noise, and safely releases them out the back of the vehicle. [1, 2, 3]

Main Functions of an Exhaust System

Route gases away: Moves hot, poisonous fumes like carbon monoxide away from the car cabin to protect passengers.
Reduce noise: Uses a resonator and muffler to quiet the loud popping sounds of engine combustion.
Lower pollution: Uses a catalytic converter to turn harmful chemicals into safer gases like water vapor and carbon dioxide.
Optimize performance: Helps the engine breathe properly by managing gas flow and pressure. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]

Key Parts of the Exhaust System

Exhaust Manifold: A funnel-shaped metal piece that collects hot gas directly from the engine cylinders.
Oxygen (O2) Sensors: Monitors the amount of oxygen in the gases and tells the car computer to adjust the fuel mix.
Catalytic Converter: A device coated in precious metals that cleans harmful pollutants out of the gas stream.
Resonator and Muffler: Chambers that use sound waves and baffles to quiet the exhaust noise before it leaves the car.
Tailpipe: The very end of the pipe where treated gases finally exit into the air. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

 

CAR Overheating? DO This IMMEDIATELY Before You BLOW Your ENGINE!

 

does coolant get gone very quickly after car engine heating means coolant pipe leaking the main problems or engine heating has other problems

Yes, a leaking coolant pipe or hose can cause your car to lose coolant very quickly and lead to rapid engine overheating. [1, 2]

Why Coolant Disappears Fast with a Pipe Leak

System Pressure: When your engine runs, the cooling system builds high pressure. A split or loose pipe forces coolant out fast.
Low Fluid Level: Once coolant drops too low, there is not enough liquid left to absorb and carry heat away from the engine.
Quick Overheating: Without fluid circulation, the temperature gauge climbs into the red zone within minutes. [1, 2, 3, 4]

Other Causes of Engine Overheating

If your coolant level stays full or the leak does not explain all the heat, other major problems can cause the engine to overheat:

Stuck Thermostat: If the thermostat gets stuck closed, coolant cannot flow to the radiator.
Failed Water Pump: A broken or worn-out water pump stops fluid from moving through the engine blocks.
Blown Head Gasket: A serious internal failure that can burn coolant in the cylinders or push exhaust gas into the cooling system, creating air pockets.
Broken Cooling Fan: If the electric fan fails to turn on, air will not pull through the radiator when you sit in traffic.

Trapped Air: Air pockets in the cooling system block proper fluid flow. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

how does coolant gets lower naturally? or how often do you fill it up?

Coolant levels drop naturally in very small amounts over many months due to the slow evaporation of water from the 50/50 water and antifreeze mixture. [1, 2]

How Coolant Drops Naturally

Water evaporation: A tiny amount of water can escape as vapor through microscopic pores in rubber hoses or unpressurized overflow caps over long periods. [1, 2]
Normal minor loss: Losing a tiny fraction (about 100 to 300 ml over three to six months) can happen in some vehicles. [1]
Abnormal loss: If you lose more than that, or need frequent refills every few weeks, you likely have an external leak, a bad radiator cap, or an internal engine problem. [1, 2, 3]

How Often to Fill It Up

Check frequency: Inspect your coolant reservoir tank once a month or every few oil changes when the engine is completely cold.
Fill frequency: In a healthy, sealed cooling system, you should never need to regularly refill coolant. If the level is only slightly low after six months or a year, a small top-up is fine.
When to see a mechanic: If you must add fluid every week or two, your car has a leak that needs a professional repair. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

A radiator fan pulls air through the metal fins of the radiator by creating a low-pressure zone on the engine side, forcing outside air to rush through from the front grille to cool the hot engine coolant. [1, 2]

How the Pulling Action Works

Blade Angle and Pitch: The fan blades are curved and angled like spinning scoops or airplane propellers. When they rotate, they push air in one direction—away from the front face of the blades and into the engine bay. [1, 2, 3]
Low-Pressure Creation: As the blades spin and throw air backward (toward the engine), they create a partial vacuum or low-pressure area directly in front of the fan. [1]
Airflow Direction: Atmospheric pressure forces fresh, cooler outside air through the vehicle's front grille, straight through the tiny gaps and fins of the radiator core, and into the spinning fan to be expelled toward the engine block. [1, 2]

Key Components That Help It Work

Puller vs. Pusher Setup: Most vehicle fans are puller fans mounted directly behind the radiator (between the radiator and the engine) because pulling air is more efficient than pushing it. [1, 2]
The Fan Shroud: A plastic housing (shroud) sits around the fan and seals against the radiator. It ensures the fan draws air evenly across the entire surface area of the radiator core rather than just sucking air from the immediate center. [1, 2]
Activation: An electric motor (controlled by the car's computer or a temperature switch) turns the fan on only when the coolant gets too hot—such as during idling or low-speed driving when natural wind from driving is not enough

is coolant go to engine or water does?

Both coolant and water go into your engine, because engine coolant is actually a mix of both water and antifreeze. [1, 2]

How Coolant and Water Work Together

• The Mixture: A standard car uses a 50/50 mix of water and antifreeze (coolant concentrate). [1]
• Going into the Engine: A water pump pushes this mixed liquid through hollow channels (called cooling jackets) inside the engine block and cylinder head. [1, 2]
• Absorbing Heat: As the liquid flows through the engine, it absorbs the extreme heat generated by combustion. It then travels to the radiator to release that heat into the air before cycling back through the engine. [1, 2]

Why You Need Both

• Water carries the heat: Water is fantastic at absorbing and moving heat away from the hot engine parts.
• Antifreeze protects the system: Pure water alone will rust the engine's metal, freeze and crack the block in cold weather, or boil too easily. The antifreeze additive stops rust, lubricates the water pump, and raises the boiling point. [1, 2, 3]

Never run your car on straight water for long, and never run it on undiluted (pure) antifreeze. [1, 2, 3]

do I need to fill up water or coolant is the only one. water I as a normal driver fill up is for wipers?

As a normal driver, you should only use commercial engine coolant (pre-mixed or concentrate) for your engine, while windscreen washer fluid is what you use for your wipers.

Summary: Two Separate Systems

System	What to Put In	Where It Goes
Engine Cooling	Pre-mixed coolant (or concentrate + demineralised water)	Coolant tank (clear plastic reservoir)
Windscreen Wipers	Windscreen washer fluid (or water)	Washer fluid tank (cap has a wiper/fountain icon)